Alfred Adler s Birth Order - 1555 Words

Introduction Alfred Adler believed that one’s order of birth influenced their personality. Adler was one of the first of many psychologist to conjure up a theory about how one’s position , in terms of birth order effected a person’s personality traits. Adler made his discoveries by undergoing several studies that were used to help him identify patterns for particular within each specific birth order position, which included those who were only children and those who had siblings. Through his own research he was also able to emphasize how each individual has a self-perceived place in their family. All in all, Alfred Adler believed that one’s birth order had a direct correlation with their developing personality traits. Aside from the†¦show more content†¦in correlation to the personality traits that are being developed during the adolescent stage, birth order plays a major role on the personality traits that are developing amongst each adolescent individual . Many studies have been performed to solidify the correlation between how birth order can significantly influence the personality traits of adolescents. Take for instance the Beer and Horn (2000) study which focused on how the effects of an adopted family compares to those of an adolescent who are products of biological birth order, but affected by rearing order, raising up and caring for a child until they are fully grown. Usually, when a family adopts a child the biological firstborn is more likely to be raised with older siblings. Beer and Horn’s (2000) study called for there to be data used from two separate adoptive families. Beer and Horn’s (2000) data was collected from two adoptive family studies that had previously taken place. The two studies that reflected the data gathered by Beer and Horn (2000) were the Texas Adoption Project (TAP) and the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP). In both studies, the adopted child was labelled as the first-reared adopted adolescent child or later-reared adopted adolescent child and each study was undergone between- and within-family analyses. In a between-family analysis the a dolescents of the same birth order position were placed in one group and then were compared to another group of adolescents who possessed aShow MoreRelatedAlfred Adler s Birth Order Theory945 Words   |  4 PagesFor the final presentation for this course, I have decided to discuss Alfred Adler’s birth order theory. I essentially decided to choose this topic because I found it extremely intriguing on how someone’s birth order could have a profounding effect on their personality. Also I was able to relate to this topic on a personal level compared to some of the other theories. Meaning, when learning and talking about birth order, as the first born in my family I was able to compare a lot of my traits to theRead MoreA Summary On Adlerian Theory1302 Words   |  6 PagesAdlerian Theory Todd Overstreet Liberty University Abstract Adlerian theory, which is named after the famous psychotherapist Alfred Adler, is used mainly to give emphasis to birth order, theories relating to inferiority and superiority, individual life styles, and social interests as the main workings of personality. In Adlerian theory, mental well-being is decided by the degree of social contribution that is helpful to the greater community to the extent that one incorporates and advancesRead MoreSigmund Freud And Alfred Adler1867 Words   |  8 Pagesfundamental theory established by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. The areas of study for the theories they established were in personality and mental health. Sigmund Freud established the stages of personality and aspects of the human mind. Alfred Adler studied the individual as a whole. Their theories were quite different, but their main conflict was over the influence of sexuality in the human mind. Compare and Contrast: Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler Two of the well known and respected names in psychologyRead MoreEssay on Examining Kurt Cobains Personality1417 Words   |  6 Pagestheories, while certain characters may be best described by one theory. Although Kurt Cobain, a complex character, cannot possibly fit into any one personality theory perfectly, parts of his personality can be explained using theories created by Alfred Adler and Carol Rogers. Kurt Cobain was born on February 20, 1967, in Aberdeen, Washington. His mother Wendy was a waitress and his father Donald was a mechanic. His sister Kimberly was born in 1970. Cobain’s family had a musical background, and byRead MoreAlfred Adler s Take On Psychoanalysis3230 Words   |  13 Pages Neo-Freudian Alfred Adler’s take on Psychoanalysis Fenny Goyal M.D. Yorkville University ALFRED ADLER ON PSYCHOANALYSIS 2 Abstract Sigmund Freud introduced a whole new way to study our minds and psychology. He introduced the concept that we are consciously aware of very little in fact. His Psychosexual theory consisted of various stages an individual goes through from the start of birth. He introduced the Oedipus complex which boys encounter andRead MoreResource File and Personal Theory Paper904 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion and other cultural dimensions. Personal Theory Alfred Adler was born in 1870 in Austria and developed his own theory on Individual Psychology in 1912. Adler’s theory is closely related to Humanistic Psychology. Influenced by Freud, Smuts and Vaihinger, Adler based his theory on the client’s ability to live as a fully functioning adult in society. Adler’s holistic theory views each person as unified. Adler discussed birth order personality traits. Adler’s theory also discussed the rolesRead MoreOrdinal Position and Substance Abuse: Literature Review1652 Words   |  7 Pagesreview The idea that birth order affects personality is not a new one in psychological literature. The assumption that birth order and character are interrelated has become part of the common assumptions therapists bring to their relationships with clients. For example, one study of 308 clinicians found that upon offering the same profile of a prototypical client, with only the birth order changed in the profile, once the client was viewed as exemplifying a particular birth order, clinicians prognosticRead MoreNeo Analytic And Ego Aspects Of Personality Theory Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesthree aspects within the human mind, the id, ego and the superego. As more theorist began to emerge in the field of personality analysis, several of Freud’s theories were revised. Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects emerged as theorist including Carl Jung, Alfred Alder, Erik Erickson and Karen Horney stressed Freud’s ideas regarding sexuality, early experience, socialization and the unconscious mind were misguided (King, 2013). Carl Jung, who lived from 1875 to 1961 and was considered Freud’s prodigy, grewRead More How Sibling Relationship is affected by the Psychological and Emotional Effects of Birth Order?2052 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Birth Order Birth order is addressed as the arrangement of births of children in a family. The four most common positions used in the Birth Order Theory of Alfred Adler are: only child, first born, middle child and last born. Adler associated those birth order positions with different characteristics for each. He also explained that with every child that will be added to the family there will be an effect for each family member in terms of communication, tasks and duties. (CraigheadRead MoreWho Is Born Into Their Family?1702 Words   |  7 PagesThe order in which a person is born into their family plays substantial role in the individual’s development of personality. Birth order is believed to influence many aspects of one’s personality. The familial atmosphere is the first group experience a child has and the child’s role in their family influences the development of the child’s individual personality traits. In families, children learn what is valuable and meanin gful to their parents and siblings and they compete with their siblings for

Design And Develop The Hip Prosthesis With Cementless...

As mentioned in the first chapter, this research aims to design and develop the hip prosthesis with cementless fixation for specific breeds of dogs. In order to find the solution systematically, several steps need to be taken as follows; 3.1 Data acquisition phase In this phase, it is necessary to study and investigate in depth in order to clarify what are the problems, the root causes and the requirements as well as other obligations. 3.2 Systematic design phase The result of the previous step will be extracted to many concepts for the solution. All possible concepts will be evaluated. The most optimum concept will be chosen as a basic concept for further functional, embodiment and detail design. Thereafter, FEM analysis will be applied†¦show more content†¦The former is requirements which must be met under all circumstances. On the other hand, if any of these requirements are not fulfilled the solution is not acceptable. Wishes are requirements that should be taken into consideration whenever possible. 3.2.2 Conceptual design The conceptual design step involves the establishment of function structures, the search for suitable solution principles and their combination into concept variants. It consists of several states as shown in figure 3.2. Figure 3.1: Checklist for setting up a requirement list [69] Figure 3.2: Steps of conceptual design [69] 3.2.2.1 Abstract to identify the essential problems The requirements (specifications) must be abstracted step by step to identify the essential problems; Step 1: Eliminate personal preferences. Step 2: Omit requirements that have no direct bearing on the function and the essential constraints. Step 3: Transform quantitative data into qualitative data and reduce to essential statements. Step 4: Generalize the results of the previous step. Step 5: Formulate the problem in solution-neutral term. 3.2.2.2 Establishment of function structure In this state, the result of the last state will be converted to functions. In addition, it is possible to indicate an overall function based on the flow of energy, material and signals. Using of a block diagram, they can be expressed the solution neutral relationship between inputs and outputs. Figure 3.3: Symbols

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Seven Free Essays

â€Å"It would have been difficult to find a group of settlers less suited to building a brand-new colony than the one hundred and five men who sailed up the river from the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 and founded Jamestown,† Professor Campbel lectured from the front of Elena’s class. â€Å"While there were a couple of carpenters, a mason, a blacksmith, and maybe a dozen laborers among them, they were far outnumbered by the self-proclaimed gentlemen who made up almost half the party.† He paused and smiled sardonical y. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Seven or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"‘Gentlemen’ in this case signifies men without a profession or trade. Many of them were lazy, idle men who had joined the London Company’s expedition in the hope of making a profit without realizing how much work founding a colony in the New World was real y going to entail. The settlers landed in the spring, and by the end of September, half of them were dead. By January, when Captain Newport returned with supplies and more colonists, only thirty-eight of the original settlers remained.† Lazy and clueless, Elena wrote neatly in her notebook. Dead in less than a year. History of the South was her very first class, and col ege was already proving to be an eye-opening experience. Her high school teachers had always stressed courage and enterprise when they talked about Virginia’s early settlers, not haplessness. â€Å"On Thursday, we’l talk about the legend of John Smith and Pocahontas. We’re going to discuss the facts and how they differ from Smith’s own account, as he had a tendency toward self-promotion,† Professor Campbel announced. â€Å"The reading assignment is in the syl abus, so please come prepared for a lively discussion next time.† He was a plump, energetic little man, whose smal black eyes swept the class and landed unerringly on Elena as he added, â€Å"Elena Gilbert? Please stay after class for a moment. I’d like to speak with you.† She had time to wonder, nervously, how he knew which of his students she was as the rest of the class straggled out of the room, a few stopping to ask him questions. She hadn’t spoken up during his lecture, and there were about fifty students in the class. As the last of her classmates disappeared out the door, she approached his desk. â€Å"Elena Gilbert,† he said avuncularly, his bright eyes searching hers. â€Å"I do apologize for taking up your time. But when I heard your name, I had to ask.† He paused, and Elena dutiful y replied, â€Å"Had to ask what, Professor?† â€Å"I know the name Gilbert, you see,† he said, â€Å"and the more I look at you, the more you remind me of someone – two someones – who were once very dear friends of mine. Could you possibly be the daughter of Elizabeth Morrow and Thomas Gilbert?† â€Å"Yes, I am,† said Elena slowly. She ought to have expected that she might meet someone who knew her parents here at Dalcrest, but it felt weird to hear their names, al the same. â€Å"Ah!† He laced his fingers across his stomach and gave her a satisfied smile. â€Å"You look so much like Elizabeth. It startled me when you came into the room. But there’s a touch of Thomas in you, too, make no mistake about that. Something about your expression, I think. Seeing you takes me right back to my own days as an undergraduate. She was a lovely girl, your mother, just lovely.† â€Å"You went to school here with my parents?† Elena asked. â€Å"I certainly did.† Professor Campbel ‘s smal black eyes widened. â€Å"They were two of my best friends here. Two of the best friends I ever had. We lost track of each other over the years, I’m afraid, but I heard about the accident.† He unlaced his fingers and hesitantly touched her arm. â€Å"I’m so sorry.† â€Å"Thank you.† Elena bit her lip. â€Å"They never talked much about their col ege years. Maybe as I got older, they would have†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice trailed off, and she realized with dismay that her eyes had fil ed with tears. â€Å"Oh, my dear, I didn’t mean to upset you.† Professor Campbel patted his jacket pockets. â€Å"And I’ve never got a tissue when I need one. Oh, please don’t cry.† His comical expression of distress made Elena give him a watery-eyed smile, and he relaxed and smiled in return. â€Å"There, that’s better,† he said. â€Å"You know, if you’d like to hear more about your parents and what they were like back then, I’d be happy to tel you about them. I’ve got al kinds of stories.† â€Å"Real y?† Elena said hopeful y. She felt a flicker of excitement. Aunt Judith talked with Elena about her mother sometimes, but the memories she shared were mostly from their childhood. And Elena real y didn’t know much about her father’s past at al : he’d been an only child and his parents were dead. â€Å"Certainly, certainly,† Professor Campbel said cheerful y. â€Å"Come to my office hours, and I’l tel you al about our hijinks back in the old days. I’m there every Monday and Friday from three to five, and I’l put out a welcome mat for you. Metaphorical y speaking, of course. Serve you some of the horrible department coffee.† â€Å"Thank you, Professor Campbel ,† Elena said. â€Å"I’d love that.† â€Å"Cal me James,† he said. â€Å"It’s nothing at al . Anything I can do to make you feel at home here at Dalcrest.† He cocked his head to one side and looked at her quizzical y, his eyes as bright and curious as a smal animal’s. â€Å"After al , as the daughter of Elizabeth and Thomas, you must be a very special girl.† The big black crow outside the open lecture-room window paced back and forth, clenching and unclenching its powerful talons around the branch on which it was perched. Damon wanted to transform back into his vampire self, climb through the window, and have a quick but effective interrogation session with that professor. But Elena wouldn’t like that. She was so naive, dammit. Yes, yes, she was his lovely, bril iant, clever princess, but she was ridiculously naive, too; they al were. Damon irritably preened his ruffled feathers back into iridescent sleekness. They were just so young. At this point, Damon was able to look back and say that no one learned anything in life, not for her first hundred years or so. You had to be immortal, real y, to have the time to learn to look out for yourself properly. Take Elena, gazing so trustful y at her professor. After al she’d been through, al she’d seen, she was so easy to lul into complacency – al the man had to do was dangle the promise of information about her parents in front of her, and she’d happily trot off to meet him in his office whenever he suggested. Sentimental ninny. What could the man possibly tel her that would be of any real importance? Nothing could bring her parents back. The professor wasn’t a danger, most likely. Damon had probed him with his Power, felt nothing but the flickering of a human mind, no dark surge of answering Power coming from the little man, no sWellof disturbing or violent emotion. But he couldn’t be sure, could he? Damon’s Power couldn’t detect every monster, couldn’t predict every twist of the human heart. But the real problem here was Elena. She’d forgotten, clearly, that she’d lost al her Power, that the Guardians had stripped her back to being just a vulnerable, fragile mortal girl again. She thought, wrongly, that she could protect herself. They were al like that. Damon had been infuriated at first to slowly realize that he was starting to feel like al of them were his humans. Not just his lovely Elena and the little redbird, but all of them, the witch Mrs. Flowers and the hunter and that meathead of a boy as Well. Those last two didn’t even like him, but he felt compel ed to keep an eye on them, to prevent them from damaging themselves through their innate stupidity. Damon wasn’t the one who wanted to be here. No, the â€Å"let’s al join hands and dance off to further our educations together† idea wasn’t his, and he’d treated it with the proper scorn. He wasn’t Stefan. He wasn’t going to waste his time pretending to be one of the mortal children. But he had found, to his dismay, that he didn’t want to lose them, either. It was embarrassing. Vampires were not pack animals, not like humans. He wasn’t supposed to care what happened to them. These children should be prey, and nothing more. But being dead and coming back, fighting the jealousy phantom and letting go of the sick envy and misery that had held him captive ever since he was a human, had changed Damon. With that hard bal of hate gone from the middle of his chest, where it had lived for so long, he found himself feeling lighter. Almost as if he †¦ cared. Embarrassing or not, it felt surprisingly comfortable, having this connection to the little group of humans. He’d have died – again – rather than admit it aloud, though. He clacked his beak a few times as Elena said good-bye to her professor and left the classroom. Then Damon spread his wings and flapped down to a tree next to the building’s entrance. Nearby, a thin young man was posting a flyer with a girl’s picture on another tree, and Damon flew over to get a closer look. Missing Student, the top of the flyer said, and below the picture were details of a nighttime disappearance: no clues, no leads, no evidence, no idea where nineteen-year-old Taylor Harrison might be. Suspicion of foul play. The promise of a reward from her anxious family for information leading to her safe return. Damon let out a rough caw. There was something wrong here. He’d known it already – had felt something a little off about this campus as soon as he’d arrived two days ago, although he hadn’t been able to quite put his finger on it. Why else would he have been so worried about his princess? Elena came out of the building and started across the quad, tucking her long golden hair behind her ears, oblivious to the black crow that swooped from tree to tree above her. Damon was going to find out what was going on here, and he was going to do it before whatever it was touched any of his humans. Especial y Elena. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Seven, Essay examples

Accounting 1 free essay sample

Referencing: APA referencing is to be used only where necessary however you DO NOT need to reference the assignment question. However, you DO need to reference your textbook (or any other text) IF you have QUOTED or PARAPHASED it. (See the library course page on the ACCTG 101 Cecil home page for details on how to use APA referencing). Always answer the questions in your own words. Presentation: Typed on A4 paper using Arial font and 11 font size. If calculations or tables are required for an answer they should be set out neatly and labelled clearly. Bullet point answers are acceptable only if the whole sentence makes sense. Plussage: It is important that you attempt this assignment to the best of your ability in order to qualify for plussage (see details in course book document on Cecil for details). Hand in: Please make sure that you hand your assignment into the correct box. Do not post it in the RETURN box as it will NOT be marked. The POSTING boxes are directly behind the lift on level 0 in the OGGB building. Workings: For any calculation type questions, you should show all workings, no matter how trivial they may be. This is good practice for the test and exam. Questions 40 marks 1. Business Organisation – 6 marks Select a company listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) https://www. nzx. com/markets/NZSX/indices/ALL. Locate the latest Annual Report. You may not use Auckland International Airport or The Warehouse’s annual reports to answer this question. Using information from the NZX website and the latest Annual Report of the company that you have selected, answer the following questions; a. What is the name of the company? Is it a service, merchandising or manufacturing company? 1 mark) b. Who is the largest shareholder of the company and what percentage of the business do they own? (1 mark) c. What is the market capitalisation? State the date and source for your answer. (Show your workings). (1 mark) d. What is the book value of the company? State the source for your answer. (1 mark) e. Discuss two reasons why there is a difference between the book value and the market val ue (capitalisation) and provide relevant examples of each reason. (2 marks) (Total 6 marks) Page 1 of 3 Assignment 01 Questions DUE DATE: 8 April 2013 2. Cost Volume Profit – 12 marks (a) Planters for Africa Company plans to sell 1,000 chainsaws at $400 each in the coming year. Product costs include: Direct materials per chainsaw Direct labour per chainsaw Variable factory overhead per chainsaw Total factory overhead cost Fixed selling and administrative expenses Total selling and administrative costs $180 $100 $25 $40,000 $30,000 $50,000 Required: Costs and contributions: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Calculate the total variable costs per chainsaw. Calculate the total fixed costs for the year. Calculate the number of chainsaws that must sell to breakeven. Calculate the contribution margin ratio. Calculate the breakeven point in sales dollars. (0. 5 mark) (0. 5 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) Prepare a contribution margin income statement based on the number of units calculated in (vii) above. (5 marks) Calculate the number of chainsaws that must be sold to earn a profit of $37,500. (b) Two companies have identical sales revenue of $15 million. Is it true that both have the same operating income and the same margin of safety? Is it possible that one company has a higher margin of safety? 2 marks) (Total 12 marks) Page 2 of 3 Assignment 01 Questions DUE DATE: 8 April 2013 3. Budgeting – 22 marks Margo Manufacturing produces a radiator used in the production of Toyota Pruis engines. The radiator is sold to a vehicle manufacturer. Projected sales for the coming five months are: January, 48,000 units; February, 55,000 units; March, 61,000 units; April, 69,000 u nits and May, 73,000 units. The unit selling price of the radiator is $199. The total budgeted figures for the monthly selling and administrative expenses are: January February March $298,000 $153,120 $164,400 Margo Manufacturing has the following production policies: Finished goods inventory: The desired ending inventory for each month is 80% of the next month’s sales. Inventory on January 1st was 40,000 units. Direct Materials: Eight kilograms of metal is used per unit of output. The per kilogram cost of metal is $12. The inventory policy dictates that sufficient direct material be on hand at the end of the month to produce 50% of the next month’s production needs. This is exactly the amount of material on hand on 31 December of the prior year. Direct Labour: The direct labour used per unit of output is four hours. The rate per hour is $16. 65. Overhead each month is estimated using a flexible budget formula. The cost driver for variable overheads is direct labour hours: Fixed-Cost Component ($) 45,000 41,000 190,000 30,000 69,200 Variable-Cost Component ($) 0. 50 0. 60 Maintenance Supervision Depreciation Rates Utilities All sales and purchases are for cash. Overheads and direct labour are paid in the month they are incurred. The cash balance on January 1st equals $200,000. The firm requires a minimum ending balance of $50,000. If the firm develops a cash shortage by the end of the month, sufficient cash is borrowed to cover the shortage. Any cash borrowed is repaid at the end of the quarter. The interest due on the cash borrowed is paid at the end of each month. The interest rate is 12 percent per annum. No money is owed at the beginning of January. Required Prepare the following budgets for the months of January, February and March. It is suggested that you use Excel to prepare these budgets. (i) Production budget in units. (3 marks) (ii) Direct materials purchases budget in kilograms and dollars. (5 marks) (iii) Direct labour budget. (2 marks) (iv) Overhead budget. (3 marks) (v) Cash budget. (9 marks) (Total 22 marks) Page 3 of 3

Drugs Legalization Essays (653 words) - Drug Culture,

Drugs Legalization For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users.The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 percent, which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom, the U.S isn't experiencing a drug related crime wave. Government surveys show between 1980 - 1987 burglary rates fell 27 percent, robbery 21 percent and murders 13 percent, but with new drugs on the market these numbers are up. One contraversial solution is the proposal of legalizing drugs. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS.Many believe that legalizing drugs would lessen crime. They point out that the legalization of drugs would deter future criminal acts. They also emphasize and contrast Prohibition. When the public realized that Prohibition could not be enforced the law was repealed. From this, one may infer the same of legalizing drugs. Legalizing alcohol didn't increase alcoholism, so why would drugs increase drug abuse?However, drugs should not be legalized because there would be an increase in drug abuse due to its availability. Once legalized, drugs would become cheaper and more accessible to people who previously had not tried drugs, because of the high price or the legal risk. Drug abuse would skyrocket! Addicts who tend to stop, not by choice, but because the drugs aren't accessible would now feed the addiction if drugs were made legal. These drug addicts would not be forced to kick the habit due to the availability of the drug they would partake eagerly. The temptation to use drugs would increase when advertisements for cocaine, heroin and marijuana are displayed on television. Instead of money used by employed addicts, you will see welfare funds used to purchase drugs. If welfare funds were being misused, this would cause a major problem in the economy. Drugs must not be legalized. It puts our country at a terrible risk.Health officials have shown that the legalization of drugs would cause a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. AIDS poses a growing threat to addicts, and thus to society as a whole. The virus that causes AIDS is growing, due to drug addicts who share needles and syringes. The sharing of such needles by intravenous drug users helps increase the spread of AIDS. "Infection among IV drug abusers is continuing to occur at a very steady rate," warn Richard E. Chaisson director of the AIDS service at John Hopkins University. In the U.S gay men still make up the primary risk group, although 750,000 to 1 million drug addicts are believed to be at risk to AIDS nationally. The problem here is the sharing of needles, which is causing the spread of AIDS. IV drug abusers are killing our nation at an amazingly fast speed. AIDS which surfaced in the 80's is now on the rise and even more deadly to IV drug users. The sharing of needles must be stopped. Drugs should not be legalized.Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. The United States can not afford this problem. It has become a world power by strengthening its people not by killing them. Drug abuse has gotten worse, with its effects on crack babies, drug addicts, and the I.V user. There must be education for the survival of this nation, not legalization.

Organizing Importance, Process and Principles

Organizing Importance, Process and Principles Introduction Organizing involves determining what should be done.  It  deals with arranging work in a way that makes it easier to  do.  Organizing as a  human  science describes the fact that human beings always  strive  to do things communally.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizing: Importance, Process and Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They  sort  themselves and  function  collectively. It is a process that requires skilled categorizing of what should be done. It also involves careful  implementation  of all determined activities and subsequent reflections and evaluations. Organizing largely depends on thinking. It is the ability to think logically and  support  those thoughts. Organizing calls for collective action approach to management in companies and other institutions. This paper discusses some aspects of the  idea  of organizing including but not limited to the importance,  process  and principles of organizing. Importance of Organizing Organizing is the safest way to avoid  confusion  and missing of  pertinent  details. Where there is  disorder, ineffectiveness is  obvious. Organizing enables a person to  get  through all their goals, objectives, and activities without missing on any of them. This is the  hallmark  of efficiency. Organizing makes things smoother. Organizing helps reduce or minimize the chances of conflict among  employees  in an organization. Because each one of the staff has duties, there is little room left for  violence  and unnecessary quarrels. It sustains peace. Organization and Management Organization and management are like brothers and sisters. The two concepts marry each other. For a long time, the work of managers had a  stereotype  to that of a local  boss  who hires, fires, and informs the employees. Management goes beyond this  restraint  and embrac es  concepts and principles that guarantee success (Gomez-Mejia Balkin, 2011). Every management team requires an  organizing  structure  which links all its elements with the results achieved. The organizational  structure  shows a relationship in which all the elements of management collaborate to produce excellent results. There cannot be organizational success without  reasonable  organizing (Ashmore, Deaux McLaughlin, 2004). Organizing enhances management as a process.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizing process Organizing is a  systematic  planning process. It arranges events, actions and activities in a chronological  approach  for effective management. One can organize at all levels within the management structure. Organizing can be summarized to be a five  level  management planning process including (Bower, 200 3): First, it involves the various activities and tasks to be implemented. The person responsible for organizing work, activities and  people  comes up with a comprehensive list of all the to-dos of the company. The work to be done and all the activities to be undertaken get ranked and prioritized. Secondly, these activities and tasks  sort  into cluster groups in  preparation  for assigning to the  appropriate  person  or department within the company or  organization. The activities  change  from being  merely  duties to  unavoidable  responsibilities for those assigned (O’Connor Allen, 2010). The assigned must report on the progress of their work to the line supervisors. Thirdly, relevant and  sufficient  control  must  dribble  to individuals or the departments assigned responsibilities. The process of organizing will not make any sense if the subsequent authority to  perform  the responsibilities  lack  sufficiency. This is because the achievement of results through organizing depends largely on the magnitude of power and  authority  that individuals and departments  conduct. With  sufficient  authority  comes the need for well structured reporting lines. This ensures that all power and  authority  stem from one source. This is  significant  because it harmonizes all the functions of the authorized individuals within the company. Lastly, the duties, responsibilities,  administration  and reporting lines  make  up an  organization  structure. This  structure  is  complete  only when all the positions coined on it get occupied. A criterion for selecting individuals to  fill  positions within the  management  structure must be determined and implemented. Organizing Principles The art of organizing entails adherence to  established  codes and practices. The codes cannot be changed.   The major principles of organization include:Advertising W e will write a custom research paper sample on Organizing: Importance, Process and Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Setting the right positions.  Every prudent organizer will  begin  by setting the goals intended to be achieved. These goals  describe  the work that is to be done. All the  work  identified groups into clusters. The clusters get sorted out to ensure that there is no redundancy in the segmentation of work. This gets done for all levels within the organization structure. Recruitments for highly qualified staff then starts. The other  principle  for organizing is granting of  authority.  Once all the necessary work  gets  grouped, authority delegated to the  appropriate  staff comes into force. This authority must be  sufficient  within a given area of jurisdiction. Control should be exercised to ensure that  approved  officers do not abuse their powers and authority. Such  power   is only to be exercised in respect of the duties and not for personal subordination  and  profit. The amount of authority delegated goes with the position. Conclusion Organizing is the process of delegating authority to qualified personnel to fulfill responsibilities. It involves the performance of tasks and activities  related  towards the achievement of the  business  goals and objectives. Its  backbone  is logical thinking and execution (Maggio, 2009, p. 6). Management depends on organizing. References Ashmore, R.D, Deaux, K., McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An Organizing Framework. for Collective Identity: Articulation and Significance  of Multidimensionality.  Psychological Bulletin. 130(1), 80-104. Bower, M. (2003). Organization: Helping people pull together. Web. Gomez-Mejia, L.R., Balkin, D.B. (2011). Management. Pearson Education, Limited.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More O’Connor, K., Allen, A.R. (2010). Learning as the organizing of social futures.  Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. 109 (1), 160-175. Maggio, R. (2009). The Art of Organizing Anything: Simple Principles for Organizing  Your Home, Your Office and Your Life. Texas, TX: McGraw-Hill Books.

See instructions Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See instructions - Personal Statement Example This mutiny has led to a permanent dissolution of civil wars at least in Angola and Sudan. The Democratic Republic of Congo is experiencing conflict in terms of distribution of wealth which directly goes to those who are more powerful. The unemployed local miners swear to join militias for a living. Bloodshed will continue if the economy of the countries is not sustained. The collapsing economy is the pivotal point in the course of history which leads to an uprising. What is most concerning and at the same time interesting to observe in the article is the analysis made by the author about how the uprising had stirred up a large number of protest movements where the sub-Saharan rulers might have felt threatened to be dethroned. Africa is experiencing a rare moment according to the author quite agreeably that the country is high on prices of food and less in terms of employability. All the benefits from the resources sold go to those in power and this is not at all justified. One considers asking the author as to why he believes that this uprising in North Africa will not allow the past larger-scale conflicts to never return? He does back this with the evidence that the civil wars are ending but it remains questionable. There is no doubt that the north is much more promising as the sub-Saharan Africa. No protest can alter this fact. For the foreign investors, places like Ghana and South Africa have more in store because they have remained comparatively stable in terms of politics and leadership. Overall, the article is a good read since it opens up to the recent and future possibilities of trade in Africa. Agriculturalists and economist must definitely read and criticize it for broader perspectives since this will not only help them gain insight but also allow journalists to pick from their point onward to build on their hypothesis. There is always a better way to look at the political situation. Oliver August has done

Planning Function of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning Function of Management - Essay Example The overall focus of planning process however based upon establishing a company which can be market leader in the long distance calls market niche. Apart from this, planning function was a top down approach wherein higher management was mostly responsible for all the management planning function at the organization. Plan came from the top and lower level management actually followed the plans without actually providing effective feedback to the higher management. This aspect of planning therefore made it relatively rigid to adapt itself to the different external scenarios wherein top management actually failed to realize overall market movements. It is also important to note that there was a lack of alternative plans for the organization to deal with any contingency. When the overall crisis hit the organization, there was generally lack of alternative plans available to deal with the contingency. Lack of effective plans to deal with the contingencies suggested that the firm was unable to defend itself against any bankruptcy proceedings and the only way out for the firm was to file for bankruptcy. Influence of Issues Considering the overall nature of the fraud committed by WorldCom, it is relatively obvious that the firm had not been influenced by the legal as well as ethical issues. It also failed to follow the corporate social responsibility codes and procedures also while reporting its overall financial state of the affairs.

Fire Truck Pumps and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fire Truck Pumps and Operations - Essay Example Unlike a Positive Displacement Pump, a centrifugal pump may be described as a rotodynamic pump which facilitates a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of the fluids. The fluid would enter the pump impeller close to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or casing. The main purpose or aim of the centrifugal pump is to provide the required pressure to move liquid at the desired pace. Centrifugal Pumps can further be subcategorized to include; end-suction pumps, in-line pumps, double-suction pumps, vertical multi-stage pumps, horizontal multi-stage pumps, submersible pumps, self-priming pumps, axial-flow pumps and regenerative pumps. Despite the differences between these types of pumps, both of them complement each other in order to get the job done. Characteristics of the Positive Displacement Pump include; the ability to pump air, they have a small amount of slippage and also have a fixed displacement of water. The advanta ges of the Positive Displacement Pumps are the disadvantages of the Centrifugal Pumps which cannot pump air and are capable of 100% slippage. Fire trucks may be defined as specifically designed vehicles responsible for fire extinguishing and performing rescue attempts. This vehicle is equipped with all the required resources/materials needed to aid in fire extinguishing. There are a variety of uniquely engineered fire trucks which come in all shapes, colors and sizes. The Emergency-One (E-One) pumper/tanker was engineered with its own uniqueness. Kevin Bonsor, author of ‘How fire engines work’ (n.d.) declared that the main function of the... The researcher aims to discuss the structure and mechanism of fire engines, that can carry their own water supply or be able to pump their own water. This essay describes a positive displacement pump and a centrifugal pump which complement each other. The positive displacement pump is one that primes and has high pressure. Positive displacement pumps fall into three main categories; reciprocating, metering and rotary pumps. These pumps are operated by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the pump into the discharged zone of the pump. Frequent in hydraulic systems-these pumps can reach maximum pressure of 5000 psi and positive displacement pumps recon to be larger than equal capacity dynamic pumps. Usage of the pumps on the pumper/tanker engine is very straight forward. Upon the scene of the fire, the first and most thing the pump operator will perform is to make sure that the valve between the tank and pump is open. This is done by flipping a switch whic h is located on the right side of the pump. Then, the operator will check to ensure which lines have been pulled off the fire engine by the firefighters, and the operator will discharge those lines. To make it easier the lines are color coded so the operator knows which lines to discharge and the color of the line corresponds to a plate below each lever on the pump panel. The process of discharging is controlled by a built-in electronic device, called a mastermind. As such, it automatically controls the pump, and runs the pressure up or down.

Sexual orientation prejudice and homophobic bullying

Sexual orientation prejudice and homophobic bullying In todays society, many homosexual individuals are dealing with harassment, threats, and violence on a daily basis. Homosexuals are far more likely to be victims of a violent hate crime than any other minority group in the United States, according to a new analysis of federal hate crime statistics (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2010). Research shows that almost two thirds of lesbian, gay and bisexual teens experience homophobic bullying in British schools (Equality and Human rights commission, 2007). Similarly, many homosexual teens in U.S. schools are often subjected to such intense bullying that they are unable to receive a satisfactory level of education (Chase, 2001), with 28% of gay students dropping out altogether (Bart, 1998). Homophobic bullying is currently an issue of epidemic proportions in society today, so much so that both the British Prime Minister David Cameron, the U.S. President Barack Obama, and many more politicians, activists and celebrities have recorded personal messages for the It gets better campaign, a project set up in September 2010 to inspire hope for gay youth facing harassment. This campaign came about as a response to the recent string of suicides among young homosexuals in the U.S. I feel that the design of an intervention to tackle the problem of sexual orientation prejudice and homophobic bullying is of the upmost importance to society, as the benefits to society from reducing homophobic bullying would far outweigh the costs of funding this intervention in schools. The harm from bullying and the toll it takes not only on young homosexual teens but also to society at large is far greater than people realize. I feel it is less likely that a youngster will succeed in life and have the ability to fully contribute to society without an adequate level of education. Statistics show that anti-gay bullying truncates a childs academic ability to excel for example, 7 out of 10 pupils who experience homophobic bullying state this has an impact on their school work and also their attendance (Stonewall, 2007). And the cost, while initially about the child, is a greater cost to us as a society in the long run. However, perhaps the most significant cause of concern to society is the grave issue of suicides committed by gay teens. In September 2010 alone, 5 young people, victims of homophobic bullying, committed suicide. One of these victims, 18-year-old Tyler Clementi, jumped off the George Washington Bridge in New York City after discovering classmates has posted videos of his sexual encounters on the internet. Another, thirteen-year-old Asher Brown, shot himself after severe harassment by fellow classmates. I feel that this snowball effect of teen suicides in the U.S. highlights the damaging effect of homophobic bullying to society, and I am proposing an intervention to prevent such occurrences from escalating. Aims The aim of this intervention is to reduce the incidences of homophobic bullying behaviour in the mainstream school setting by changing attitudes towards homophobic bullying. In order to do this I would suggest educating pupils on issues around sexual orientation and also on the severe negative consequences of bullying. I would introduce weekly classes in the curriculum designed to focus on these particular issues for example, it could be taught in pastoral care classes, not only with the aim of educating the children and reducing the bullying, but also empowering pupils to report bullying. One recent study which has had major success with the introduction of a gay awareness class was Stoke Newington School in London. In one lesson, pupils were taught about significant gay historical figures who positively contributed to society, such as authors and playwrights James Baldwin and Oscar Wilde, artist Andy Warhol, and mathematician, computer science pioneer and war time code breaker Ala n Turing. Elly Barnes, the teacher who runs the class in Stoke Newington School, stated that, four years on from when she initiated the scheme, homophobic bullying has been more or less eradicated in the school (Learner, 2010). I feel that this case is a positive and pioneering exemplar from which many schools could learn. Design As I feel a one-time lecture on homophobic bullying would have little impact on levels of bullying in the long-term, I am proposing a weekly class to be run in schools with the agenda of educating pupils on issues around sexual orientation and also on the severe negative consequences of bullying. I would introduce weekly classes in the curriculum designed to focus on these particular issues for example, it could be taught in pastoral care classes, not only with the aim of educating the children and reducing the bullying, but also empowering pupils to report bullying. I am proposing that the intervention take place at the school setting, as bullying so often stems from within the school environment, and the aim is to eradicate this at the grass roots. Methods Before starting the intervention I would measure the pupils attitudes towards homosexuality using an affective questionnaire and a cognitive questionnaire the Index of Homophobia (Hudson and Ricketts, 1980) and the Modified attitudes towards sexuality scale (Price, 1982), respectively. I would then ask students to fill out these questionnaires again at the end of the school year so as to measure whether attitudes have been improved following the intervention. I would use a direct approach to reduce the sexual orientation prejudice by including a weekly pastoral care class into the schools curriculum in which educators would promote diversity in multicultural societies, group equality, and teach pupils about the history of the Gay Rights Movement. I would also aim to get the pupils involved by having group discussions and role-plays to increase empathy for outgroups, and by bringing in gay guest speakers in order to improve understanding and attitudes, and to correct some misguided stereotypes and faulty generalisations that heterosexual pupils may hold against their homosexual classmates. I would also hope that having the chance to meet a positive role model from the gay community who does not conform to the negative stereotypes would create dissonance-induced attitude change. I would attempt to change the social norms of the school environment, by introducing a zero tolerance policy in the school, which states that no-one shall be discri minated against for their religion, race, disability, or sexual orientation, and educate the teachers so that they also must follow this policy. Also, I would set aside a class to talk about the issue of derogatory phrases and how they could make gay students feel, as a recent study showed that 97% of gay pupils hear offensive phrases such as dyke, bender or poof used in school and 98% of gay pupils hear the phrases thats so gay when people are referring to something they feel is rubbish or stupid (Stonewall, 2007). The intention would be to create perspective-taking (i.e. How would you feel if you were gay and heard those derogatory phrases?) and instil empathy for the outgroup. One theoretical framework which supports this is the Intergroup Contact Theory (Allport, 1954). Allport proposed that intergroup contact between two groups should reduce prejudice as long as the following were present: common group goals, equal status, intergroup co-operation and support of authorities. Therefore in the intervention, I would set tasks which both groups would have to work on to achieve a superordinate goal, I would structure the task so as the groups must rely upon each other in order to achieve this superordinate goal, and I would make sure that equality of all sexual orientations is promoted. The school itself and its educators would constitute as the authority which supports both groups. I feel that this would work in either a real situation (whereby gay individuals have disclosed their sexuality to their classmates and feel confident to be categorized as homosexual) or in an imagined situation (for example, a role-play, as many pupils who are gay may not wish to d isclose this information, nor would we force them to do so). I believe that the latter may well occur as in order to avoid social stigma many gay young people hide their sexuality. Therefore, in this instance I would use the theoretical framework of Imagined Intergroup Contact (Crisp Turner, 2009). This theory suggests that simply getting participants to conjure up a mental simulation of a positive intergroup encounter leads to improved attitudes towards the outgroup. I would also use indirect approaches to reduce prejudice by educating pupils on moral reasoning, promote egalitarianism within the school setting, and promote respect, understanding and tolerance of others no matter what their background is. I would also incorporate modern media into the school environment, such as using examples from music, film and TV programs to teach pupils about other cultures and groups. This is supported by the Parasocial contact hypothesis theory (Schiappa, Gregg and Hewes, 2005), which states that the illusion of face-to-face contact with interaction can change prejudices, as people process mass media relationships in the same way as they process real-life interpersonal interactions. Schiappa, Gregg and Hewes (2005) found that parasocial contact reduced prejudice toward the outgroup. Although the intergroup contact theory can be used for many groups such as opposing ethnic minority groups, opposing religious groups, opposing sports teams and so on, research has shown that the theory has been particularly successful in reducing prejudice toward homosexuals. Applying the intergroup contact theory to sexual orientation groups, Herek (1987) found that heterosexuals who had experience of pleasant interactions with a homosexual tend to accept the homosexual community in general. It was also shown that increased contact with a homosexual was a better predictor of changed attitudes than any other factor, including gender, race, socioeconomic background and so on (Herek and Glunt, 1993). I would also create a classroom discussion about why certain individuals may feel threatened by homosexuals, and address the issues as to why this symbolic threat may come about, such as perceiving that your ingroups moral values and religious beliefs are different from the outgroups. I would increase perceptions of similarity between hetersexuals and homosexuals by highlighting examples of gay individuals who are good role models, religious, and so on, to show that they are not so different from straight people. One issue we must think about when introducing such curriculum into the school setting is whether parents will approve. I would propose sending letters home to parents detailing the intentions behind the sexual orientation awareness class and highlighting the need to reduce bullying within the school. However, I would ensure that children could withdraw from the class if they strongly wish to do so; as some of the pupils families or religious/cultural communities may be homophobic and may disapprove of their participation, and we would not want the pupils to suffer negatively from attending this class, for example, to become ostracised from their community. Therefore we would strongly encourage students to take part, but would not force it upon them. However, the teacher who pioneered the gay awareness class in the Stoke Newington School in London, Elly Barnes, stated that she has only ever received a few complaints A parent complained after her son told her he had seen a film at th e school that showed two men kissing. I told her we are an inclusive school and it is part of the curriculum(Learner, 2010). In conclusion, I propose that a school-based intervention is essential to reduce sexual orientation prejudice and homophobic bullying amongst teens in schools. I would hope that a curriculum which promotes diversity, understanding, acceptance and equality will go a long way in reducing homophobic bullying and equally, I am optimistic that the introduction of an anti-discrimination policy which all students and teachers must follow will help protect the students. Resources Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Bart, M. (1998). Creating a safer school for gay students. Counseling Today. Chase, A. (2001). Violent Reaction; What do Teen Killers have in Common? In these Times. Crisp Turner (2009). Can Imagined Interactions Produce Positive Perceptions? Reducing Prejudice Through Simulated Social Contact. American Psychologist, Vol 64, Issue 4, pg.231-240. Herek, G. M. (1987) The instrumentality of attitudes: Toward a neofunctional theory. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 99-114. Herek, G. M., Glunt, E. K. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 239-244. Hudson, W.W. Ricketts, W.A. (1980). A strategy for the measurement of homophobia. Journal of homosexuality, 5, 357-372. Learner, S. Making homophobia history. In The Guardian, p5 of the EducationGuardian section, October 26th 2010 issue. Price, J. H. (1982). High school students attitudes toward homosexuality. Journal of School Health 52: 469-474. Schiappa, E., Gregg, P., Hewes, D. (2005) The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72, 92-115 The School Report The experiences of young gay people in Britains schools. (2007) Stonewall. Under attack (2010) The Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law centre, Issue 40. Valentine, G. Wood, N. (2010) The experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual staff and students in higher education. Equality and Human rights commission, research summary 39.

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs :: Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs Essays

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs      Ã‚  Ã‚   "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs" is a short story written by Colin McNaughton. "If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs" was published in 1981. It is classified under the fantastic sublime. However, based on the analysis of "If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs" one would believe that magical realism is a genre of the sublime.    While reading "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs", one comes upon the illustrations in the book. Through out all of the illustrations, the people are on a smaller scale then the animals. Scale is a sign of a sublime work. It creates a mood of nature being more important than humans or anything else for that matter. Scale, when used in sublime works, sets a universal or macroscopic tone.    I would confidently maintain that nothing contributes so decisively to the grand style as a noble emotion in the right setting, when it forces its way to the surface in a gust of frenzy, and breathes a kind of divine inspiration into the speaker's words (Longinus 109). Longinus is explaining how a moment in a story line becomes clear to the reader out of a turbulent setting. It is considered by Longinus to be a perfect specimen of the sublime. In the short story "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs", many examples of the emotion force their way to the surface in an uncontrollable frenzy. A good example from "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs' would be this excerpt: " This snake is over ten miles long, which makes it very hard to steer. When people shout, "Look out! Look Out! Its head's too far away to hear"(McNaughton 21). In the excerpt from the story, when it is explained that even though people are shouting for the snake to watch where it is going, the snake can't hear because the it's head is ten miles away. This is a brilliant examples of sublime literature.    Although "If Dinosaurs Were Cats and Dogs" is classified as fantastic sublime, the story has many examples of magical realism within its pages. The way in which the animals in the story are humungous is one of the many examples of magical realism. A parrot that is twenty-nine feet tall is extraordinary. Even more extraordinary is a snake that is ten miles long.

Importance of Sales Promotion Essay

Sales promotion is one of the seven aspects of the promotional mix, which are advertising personal selling, direct marketing publicity/ public relations, corporate image and exhibitions. Sales promotions are short-term incentives that are done to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service [P.DALOK 200]. Sales promotion can be used to inform, persuade, and remind target customers about the business and its market mix. Some common types of sale promotion include: Samples, Coupons, Sweepstakes, Contest, In-store display, Tradeshows, Price off deals, Premium and rebates. There are many reasons why companies opt for sales promotions other than advertising. Some of the reasons include increasing competition and products becoming more standardized, build brand awareness, create interest, provide information, stimulate demand and also reinforce the brand. In this essay I have briefly described sales promotion, and comprehensively discussed the reasons for sales promotion. Definit ion of sales promotion Sales promotions are short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. C. Mitchell 1999 defines sales promotion as a process of persuading a potential customer to buy the product And it includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate product interest, trial, or purchase. Below are reasons for sales promotion. Reasons for sales promotion 1. Increasing Competition The air of change is gaining momentum after the introduction of economic liberalization. Due to increase in competition, companies are finding it increasingly difficult to compete on quality. They are therefore resorting to more innovative methods of sales promotion (Du Toit and Erasmes 2008:347). 2. Customers Have Become More Price Sensitive This increased price sensitivity is a direct result of existing inflation. Economic recession is likely to fuel this trend further, as consumers and dealers become more sensitive towards prices. If the customers get branded jeans at half the actual price, then they are definitely going to make huge purchases of Spykar Jeans because they want value for their money, as they are price sensitive. 3. Sales Promotions Generally Create an Immediate Positive Impact on Sales Advertising, personal selling and other methods of promotion produce slower sales response compared to sales promotion. Sales promotions are mostly for short duration, for a specified period, leading to a sense of urgency in consumers to buy now. This creates an immediate positive impact on sales. 4. Products have become more standardized In many product categories, there is a proliferation of brands; many of them are line extensions and me-too brands. Most brands are being perceived by consumers to be more or less similar within a given price range because of the inability of manufacturers to develop truly differentiated products. Under these circumstances, advertising messages are unable to strongly influence the consumers’ perceptions and create brand franchise. As a result of these perceptions of similarity among brands, marketers have no way but to compete on the basis of extra benefit offered through sales promotion. Competing companies struggle to capture market share by using every tool likely to bring sales success. There are many unbranded jeans sold at shopping malls and places like Mr Price, bandra which are bought at half the price of actual branded jeans. People who are money conscious buy such jeans. Therefore, Spykar Jeans comes up with such discounts, which helps them in increasing their sales and also in stock clearance. 5. Consumer Acceptance As competition intensifies and promotions proliferate, consumers have learnt to earn the rewards of being smart shoppers. Over a period of time, they have also learnt that brands on promotion are not necessarily of lower quality. 6. Advertising Has Become More Expensive And Less Effective All the advertising media have become quite expensive. Audio-visual medium, which is considered as the most effective for short-duration ads, may cost in excess of K5000 for a 10 second exposure during prime time (Kambwir 2013). In many cases, consumers have reached a point of boredom due to excessive advertising on TV. Some consumers even consider advertising as an intrusion into their privacy, leading to zapping (surfing channels). Firms with small budgets cannot compete with big companies, which spend huge sums of money on advertising. For these small budget firms, sales promotion is a more cost-effective promotion method to produce sales results. 7.Trade Has Become More Powerful Retailers and wholesalers have become powerful and find themselves in a position to demand extra facilities from the companies. They Channel members demand more incentives to get the desired results. Manufacturers do not seem to have any alternatives but to concede to their demands, keeping in view the competitive market conditions. In shopping malls like Globus and Lifestyle, decent margins have to be paid to them in order to have shelf visibility for your brand. 8. Emphasis On Sales Volumes Towards achieving the long-term profit goals, manufacturers try to attain high sales volume. Brand managers and product managers find themselves under pressure to achieve short-term sales results for the sake of their careers. Compared to any other promotional method, sales promotion is a more effective method to generate short-term sales volume. 9. Sales Promotions Maximise Profits A number of economic theories conclude that a company can maximise profits by using sales promotion. Such promotions can permit price discrimination by allowing the brand to compete in 2 or more different market segments. Sales promotion may allow a premium brand to compete with a lower tier brand among price sensitive consumers. For example, a premium brand of toilet soap may be on promotion in some price sensitive markets, while in the remaining markets it is sold at its normal price. 10. Introducing An Element Of Interest: There are a number of promotions, which are often called interest promotions. Some of the more popular interest promotion techniques are samples, contests, and sweepstakes, free premiums and mail-in premiums. These promotions create an element of interest and excitement, and consumers enjoy these and response enthusiastically to such contests and sweepstakes, etc. 11. Build Brand awareness No company can survey without building awareness for itself and its brands. Companies may use all forms of advertising be it on Television, radio, direct marketing and on line to build awareness. The specific promotional objective may be to gain additional market share or to make a roads into a specific market segment. Another objective may be to replace the market leader in top-of-mind. 12. Sales Promotion Specialists Are Available As a result of economic liberalization, the number of management institutions has increased. This has lead to the availability of specialists, who are not only well paid but can handle this specialized work more efficiently in the current market conditions, where sales promotion has become more important. 13. Excess Stocks Because of increasing number of brands, it is difficult for manufacturers and dealers to anticipate future sales. This, at times, leads to excessive inventories, and the quickest way to clear that is to go for sales promotion.

Film Review on Kimjongilia

Film Review on Kimjongilia Kimjongilia is a documentary film directed by Heikin which features the stories of escapees and survivors of prison camps in North Korean during the dictatorship regime led by Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-iI.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Film Review on Kimjongilia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is based on various interviews taken from residents of North Korea, people of all ages and status, who had survived the Kim’s leadership era in North Korea and was forced to leave their country due to difficult, repressive conditions there and settle in nearby states, such as China and South Korea. The escapees included prostitutes, a North Korean military, a piano performer, and a woman dancer. The film is mainly a story generated from interviews of residents who escaped dictatorship regime in North Korea between 1992 and 2006. Actually, the term ‘Kimjongilia’ is a flower which was created by a botanis t in Japan and named after the former ruler, Kim Jong-iI, to commemorate Japanese-Korean comradeship. The flower that is frequently referred to in the film symbolizes peace, justice, love, and wisdom. The documentary film focuses on the cruelty of the North Korean despotism and the hopeless status which the residents of North Korea, the people who experienced oppression and starvation every day, had. The movie also interviewed a victim and defector of the Kim era, Shin Dong-hyuk, who was born in camp 14 and narrates the tales of his unfavorable experiences at this maximum security camp established by Kim government. Most people who existed in this regime, like Shin’s parents, were killed in the camp, but Shin was lucky to survive long enough to break away eventually from this camp and settled in the neighboring country.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One excitin g story which is encountered in the movie was the way a former North Korean Army commander waited for around 10 years planning to run away from Kim regime due to the manner in which Kim regime was doing to his country. The commander eventually ran away through sailing a small boat 300 miles to Incheon as he avoids the government’s patrol which was guarding the sea. He was accompanied by his family members because he was worried that they may become separated if they attempt to defect through China. His effort to escape was successful and he is an honest detractor of the Kim government. He stated that when the Kim system ends, he would be prepared to return to North Korea immediately to support restructure his country. Through the information, assistance, interviews, and informative dance of North Korean outlandish representatives, which are provided by the film, the viewers are informed about the facts which they are already aware of. They are told that Kim Jong-iI, the dicta tor with black bouffant, was among the world cruelest dictators who were on the loose. He seemed to be insane and acquired a reputation of being a ruthless tyrant which will be passed on to the next generations. The director, Heikin, reflects her vision of the ‘Dear Leader’ in a creative and passionate way that changes unhappy facts into an entirely important realm. The film narrates about a woman who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in China and tells also about a boy who was taken to a camp at the age of nine since his grandfather had been found guilty for political crime. A woman who died due to fever was taken into China by her brother who was afterward murdered attempting to return to North Korea to provide food for his parents due to severe hunger which most people were experiencing in Kim regime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Film Review on Kimjongilia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fi lm also tells about a pianist who stated that he was forced to perform common tasks and surrender his music. The film exposed how Kim regime would target the whole family of defectors and penalize at least one member of that family at a time, including brothers, sisters, and at times more distant relatives. The film also talks about the way Kim Il-sung acquired the leadership in North Korea and inheritance of the power by his son Kim Jong-iI. The movie narrates an appealing story of humans heartbreaking and the way the entire country started suffering from almost every event and activities taken by the dictator. North Korea requested for international support because its citizens were experiencing severe hunger due to poor leadership. As North Koreans are experiencing unthinkably great sufferings, China barely obtains a status of state abiding human rights because of the way it handles escapees entering into the country. The movie shows that North Korean women are sold regularly int o white slavery and all the refugees face brutal torture. For example, Kim Cheol-woong talks about hours of torments to which Chinese officers subjected him. Some scenes are actually more frightening than some horror films ones. It is unbearable to watch huge population participating on a parade, raising the flags, singing and glorifying the leader whom nobody likes and everybody fears, but still keeps on praising. These scenes portray fear and horror which North Koreans are experiencing, and this is really scary to appear in such a situation. The shocking story from the documentary film does not only portray the expected horror of sufferings, killings, malnutrition and torture, but also shows the regular brainwashing which formed a superhuman personality cult of the country’s rulers and keeps the whole country ignorant of the situation in the outside world. This is the situation which Heikin strengthens through the addition of alternative archival material, mainly the films of propaganda and recordings of the citizenship pageantry in the country.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The moviemaker provides several recordings of the interviews, but very little archival data of the North Korea itself. The viewers are left to figure out the conditions of the country, apart from the interviews which are represented in the film. Performance art reveals the emotions and reactions on the things narrated by the escapees and survivors in their stories. It was a very imaginative solution to this issue, and I admire the manner in which Heikin covers the identities of the victims of the North Korean regime. Some interviewees are frightened that the government may recognize them when talking about the conditions in the country and testifying against its leaders. The director uses effective methods to cover their identities. The extreme close-ups are applied throughout the film, thus tearful eyes, gasping mouth, and moving hands appear on the screen during their interviews. This approach is very effective in protecting identities of the subjects. The movie depicts a clear ca se of how people of the same nation and culture can have different views and behaviors and these bring about overwhelming outcomes. Some interviewees comment that if these conditions carry on for another ten years, the entire nation might collapse. I agree with their opinion because the situation in North Korea is really disastrous. Emphasized by Heikin’s devices, the horrors of life of both the survivors of the North Korean prison camps and the escapees prove this statement.

medical insurance essays

medical insurance essays The initial idea of medical insurance should have been a good idea as a way of helping Americans afford medical bills in a case of emergency or just routine physicals and check-ups. A lot of lower class Americans could not afford the treatment and would therefore go without medical attention in both of these cases. In cases of emergency, they would usually be put in to collection because they could not pay the bills after the treatment. The government decided to set a plan to have humans insured, just like automobiles, to supposedly make medical treatment available to all people - high, middle, or low class. This should have been a good idea...however, I believe that it has only made By making this plan for insurance on human health, the insurance agencies are making trillions upon trillions of dollars on people who would usually skip going to the doctor for a common cold. Initially, the insurance policies were made to help in emergency situations for people who had a broken a leg, or had to have major surgery and could not afford the price of high-technology treatment. The insurance would have made the customer pay about fifty dollars a month out of theyre hard-earned money whether they were going to use it or not, for medical treatment. Still, the insurance did not cover all of the expenses even though the customer is shelling out thousands of dollars, sometimes for nothing. It is just another way for a large insurance business to make people believe that they need to insure their own health, like they were a possession or an item. Now people are paying for insurance that they seldom use, but feel better because the business has made them believe that they cannot and will not live without medical Another bad result of medical insurance is that it has turned the entire field of ...

Unit 6 Proposal Designs Assignment Research Paper

Unit 6 Proposal Designs Assignment - Research Paper Example Most of the people live a sedimentary lifestyle and lack of physical fitness programs in the area worseness the situation even more. The organization intends to serve the entire community without excluding anyone both men and women and children and elderly (Zlowodzki, JÃ ¶nsson, Kregor, & Bhandari, 2007). The fact that the majority of people are middle income earns with only a few wealthy, and the rest are low income earns explains the reason as to why they are facing the problem listed above. Most people live in a sedimentary lifestyle especially the elderly. No emphasize has been attached to health and fitness among the residents. The issues of obesity and other health related problems like high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes issues that people are facing is attributed to lack of physical fitness programs in the area. Limited resources and poor access to care and services aggravate the situation. Lack of stable sources of income due to the high unemployment rate among the residents is also an attribute. The provision of a physical fitness program will help solve the problems encountered accountability (Karsh & Fox, 2009). Obesity and overweight concerns affect the way of life of the people. Most of the elderly people in the area suffer obesity related problems like hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. They spend much of their income seeking health care, which majority cannot afford. The teenagers who are suffering from overweight related issues face a lot of stigmas in a social gathering and at school. Many people taunt and poke obese people to make fun of them. They cannot perform a similar task as other people can. This causes mental and emotional problems to the children and result to poor performance especially in school. Obesity is associated with an unproductive life creating a lot of fear and anxiety to the victims. The psychological trauma that the people face makes them live with a lot of fear and

Motivating Retired Workers Returning to Work Term Paper

Motivating Retired Workers Returning to Work - Term Paper Example According to Salatzar (1993), the retired workers have less ambition than the young workers and therefore are comfortable in the position they work for. Therefore these workers prove to be an asset for the company. Pearsall, a retired worker who rejoined the workforce have mentioned that experience in diverse subjects have assisted him to return to the workforce easily. However Cassidy, vice president for Concurrent Computers have mentioned that the biggest advantage of recruiting retired workers is that they have prior knowledge of the situation. Therefore if the situation happens to be something out of the usual the retired worker will have a higher chance of having prior experience about such situations and will be more at ease to handle the problem. There are several companies like Concurrent Computers that have preferred retired workers in their labor force. It is also necessary for many of the countries like United States to retain the aged people to their workforce because of their demographic nature. In 2002 the number of old people working or seeking work in United States was 62.9%. This is a result of the average age of the country which is very high. Apart from the need that arises due to the shortage in the workforce there is also a need of the retired people due to their expertise and skills in their profession. Moreover the average life span of the population in the developed countries has increased substantially and many people in the retiring age are perfectly healthy to work. Under such circumstances many of the companies and policy makers are looking for ideas to attract the retired workers back to the workforce. Motivations for the Retired Person Estimation by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics show that more than one fourth of the country’s labor force would reach their age of retirement in 2010. This would lead to a huge shortfall in the labor force. Another estimate by the United States Census Bureau suggests that 73% of t he people in the population will have the age 55 or higher in 2020. It also suggests that the increase in the number of young workers in the labor force will be only 5% during the same time. Alan Price (2007, p 429) gives an estimate of 25% of the people in the workforce having an age of 50 or more in 2020. According to another statistic in 2030, 20% of the people in the country will have an age of 65 or higher. Under these circumstances it becomes imperative for the country to motivate the retired people back to their profession in order keep the economy going and sustain the targeted growth (Lockwood, 2003, p.3). Entrepreneurial efforts by the older people have doubles chances of success than the young people (Price, 2007, p.429). A survey was conducted by Metlife to comprehend the work pattern of the people after retirement. A number of people explained their motivation to return to the workforce. The survey showed that the motivation for returning to work varied according to age group. According to the people in their late sixties economic reasons were the main motivating factor for joining the workforce. It has often been seen after retirement the investments and the pensions are insufficient for the retired people to sustain their previous standard of living. Along with that perfect working capabilities

Stigma and Discrimination in schizophrenia Essay

Stigma and Discrimination in schizophrenia - Essay Example Discrimination may be defined as the action or treatment based on stigma and directed towards the Stigmatized (Bunding, 1996). Stigma and discrimination are highly associated with the Schizophrenia as it is a psychiatric condition that describes a mental disorder characterized by deviation in the expression of truth and / or by significant social or occupational dysfunction. Stigma and discrimination resulted by schizophrenia is mainly due to unawareness among the people about the disease. Some investigators found that the stigma operated by schizophrenia may result in deviated behaviour and violence which is very dangerous (Link et al., 1992; farrington, 1994; Link &Stueve, 1995; Appelbaum et al., 2000). Schizophrenia is reported to afflict 1% of the worlds population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991), where as schizotypal personality disorder afflicts 2–3%. The stigma and discrimination caused by schizophrenia was confirmed by several research workers (Poulton et al, 2000; Cannon et al, 2002). Earlier studies and reviews of worldwide-published research mainly compared the incidences of the stigma and discrimination due to illness in urban and rural geographical regions (Haroutunian et al., 2006, Paz et al, 2006 and Skosnik et al., 2006). However the past studies didn’t focus much on multifaceted stigmatization of schiz ophrenia and hence the present investigation has been performed to analyse the stigma and discrimination associated with schizophrenia in more integrated manner. This was planned to answer the following questions. The sample size of the population (N) is 300. The family members of the schizophrenics residing in Mumbai, India were interviewed on nature and causes of stigma, most common forms of stigma, common source, removal probability, consequences, common management strategies, method of information about

Investigating a Crime Scene Essay Example for Free

Investigating a Crime Scene Essay On TV shows like CSI, viewers get to watch as investigators find and collect evidence at the scene of a crime, making blood appear as if by magic and swabbing every mouth in the vicinity. Many of us believe we have a pretty good grip on the process, and rumor has it criminals are getting a jump on the good guys by using the tips they pick up from these shows. But does Hollywood get it right? Do crime scene investigators interview suspects and catch the bad guys, or is their job all about collecting physical evidence? In this paper, I’ll examine how a crime scene investigation really takes place. When working a crime scene there are many steps that must take place in order for any investigation to hold up in court. A proper investigation can take hours, but the end result can lead to a conviction of the guilty and justice for victim’s families. The first officer at the crime scene should do everything they can to keep all evidence in its original state. The crime scene must be blocked off immediately to avoid any contamination or loss of evidence. Boundaries should be established for each area of the scene that needs to be secluded. This will include any paths of entry or exits and areas where evidence has been discarded or located. All areas of the crime scene should be blocked off using tape, ropes, or traffic cones. If the crime took place indoors, a single room can be blocked off depending on the place of the crime and where it occurred. Police barricades and guards can help with securing the scene as well. This is a good way to monitor the area to make sure no unwanted people get through and cause loss of evidence. This will include officers that are not involved in the case, neighbors and the family of the victim. Securing the crime scene must be done in a timely manner and all persons entering the scene should be recorded, and times of the entry should be taken as well. Before anyone can enter the scene, the responding officer must first establish a walk way. This is done to ensure that no evidence is being touched and is out of the way before walking into the scene. This will include investigators or medical examiners that need to get to any victims that may be injured. Once the crime scene has been blocked off and secured, the investigators will process the area. At this time a strategy is put into place. This will start the examination of the area and documentation of all evidence at the scene. A walk through of the scene will take place by the lead investigator to establish how the scene was entered and exited at the time that the crime took place. Once the points of entry are established, the investigator will find the center of the scene using the path that the first officer established. A crime scene is three dimensional so that when making their way to the center of the crime scene, evidence will be located. It is the investigators responsibility to photograph and document these items as they are seen. There are many questions that will need to be answered during the investigation such as but not limited to: did this crime involve violence, or are there any hazardous conditions that they should be aware of? The scene should be looked over as if trying to put a puzzle together. Looking around at objects in the crime scene can tell a whole lot as to the time the accident occurred or if objects seem like they are missing. There are two categories a crime scene can fall under; one is a primary crime scene where the crime occurred or a secondary crime scene where evidence was taken to and is now a part of the crime scene. A command center needs to be put into place outside the crime scene. This is where the investigators receive their assignments, store the equipment that will be needed or where they gather to discuss or go over the case. Tasks are assigned to all of the investigators which will ensure that all aspects of the area are covered. Tasks include locating, processing, accessing, photographing and sketching the evidence at the scene. Searching a crime scene and how a crime investigation is carried out depends on the size and area of the scene being investigated. The different kind of crime that was committed can have a great toll on how the investigation is carried out as well. When doing a search of the crime scene, different kinds of flash or illumination are used to show fingerprints, handprints or other things that may be gathered as evidence. There are different patterns in which a crime scene is investigated or searched. Each pattern depends on the scene and what kind of evidence is suspected to be found at the scene. This could include: a line or strip search where two investigators walk in straight lines across the crime scene and search for evidence, a grid search where investigators form a grid throughout the scene making overlapping lines, a spiral search where an investigator works in a spiral motion from the outer part of the scene or vice versa, a wheel ray search which is done by a group of investigators that move from the boundary of the crime scene and work their way to the middle of the scene, or a quadrant or zone search where the crime is divided into sections and is split up between investigators and divided again to search more thoroughly through that section. When searching a crime scene at night difficulties will come up due to lighting. Boundaries of the scene are hard to see when trying to locate evidence. The search of evidence is determined by each crime scene, because every crime is different in its own way. Locating evidence includes footprints, weapons, blood spatter, trace fibers or hairs. When an investigator locates evidence everything should be recorded. Exact location in notes, photos and sketches must be done, and all evidence must be marked with an evidence marker once it is recorded. A search will end when all evidence is located. Once a decision has been made that the investigation has come to a close, the team will conduct a final survey. This survey will include an overview of the scene and all evidence is collected and bagged. Taking notes at a crime scene begins the moment an investigator gets a call. All notes must be specific. Notes should begin with all the information of the person who has called in, the time the call was placed and all of the information that is given about the crime, as well as the assigned case number that is given. When an investigator arrives at the scene, date, time and all persons present must be recorded. All notes should be in detail, and all movements that are taken should be documented. The lead investigator will do a walkthrough of the scene and at this time notes are taken with details of the condition of the scene. All notes taken should be in blue or black ink. Notes are very important to the investigation, and all notes should be taken at the scene and not left up to memory. This ensures that all information is recorded and nothing is left out. Notes should include all documentation of the victims, witnesses, evidence collected, tasks being performed, and when and how an object is packaged. There should be no task, detail or movement left out when taking notes at a crime scene. Photographing a crime scene is extremely important in a crime scene investigation, and should be of high quality and very clear. These photos will be used in court, so when taking the photos you need to keep in mind that the person or persons viewing the photos should be able to understand where the photos were taken and should be able to tell the story through them. The overall area of the scene should first be photographed such as street signs, street lights, addresses, and identifying objects. Photos should be taken in a clockwise direction to prevent any information from being left out. Different lenses should be used when photographing different parts of the scene as well as different illuminations, flashes and filters. The first photo should consist of a photography log that includes that case number, type of scene, date, location of scene, type of camera used, photographers name and title. Photos should be of the scene before it has been altered in any way. The photos should include the area that the crime took place, and areas where other acts occurred. Pictures should be taken from the outside of the scene working towards the middle of the scene. The photographer must be consistent when working through the scene as this will ensure that all evidence is photographed from all angles and nothing is left out. Photos should include: overview photographs which consist of the entire scene and surrounding area. These photos include all exits and entries, and should start from the outside of the scene and in all angles. And medium range photographs which show smaller areas of the crime scene. These photos should be taken with evidence markers. Sketching the crime scene is done after all notes and photographs are taken of the scene. A sketch will show the layout of the area or house where the crime was committed, as well as where the evidence was located. It is used to back up all notes and photographs already taken. All aspects of a crime scene will be shown in court and used to convict the guilty; therefore, it is extremely important that all steps of the investigation are followed exactly and with as much detail as possible to ensure that justice can be served.

The Impact Of The Olympics And Paralympics Tourism Essay

The Impact Of The Olympics And Paralympics Tourism Essay The aim of this essay is to identify the impact of the Olympics and Paralympics on tourism in London, illustrating environmental, economical and social effects. Firstly, the essay will assert how the Olympics affected the environment, even though in 2005 London engaged to stage the  ¿Ã‚ ½greenest games ¿Ã‚ ½ in history. Moreover, the influence of the games upon the economy will be underlined, defining both, positive and negative aspects regarding the host of the Olympics. Furthermore, the social effects of the 2012 Olympic Games will be examined, emphasizing the evolution of not only East London area and the main tourist attractions during the summer of 2012, but of the entire city. This essay will argue that the Olympics and Paralympics had both positive and negative aspects, having an important influence upon London and causing changes in economy, society and environment. London ¿Ã‚ ½s 2012 Olympics and Paralympics had a strong impact against the environment. The environment protection played one of the decisive parts of London ¿Ã‚ ½s bid for the games, London planning since July 2005 to stage  ¿Ã‚ ½the greenest games in history ¿Ã‚ ½. The main concept of the games was  ¿Ã‚ ½One Planet Olympics ¿Ã‚ ½, London concentrating on minimising the carbon emissions, on biodiversity, waste and advertising the protection of the environment against pollution. First of all, for the low carbon emissions, London planned to reduce the venues construction, using the existing legacy as the official website of the Olympics stated Furthermore, the new venues built, the Olympic Stadium, the Velodrome and the Aquatics Centre were energy-efficient, created to be sustainable as far as possible. In addition to reduce the carbon emissions  ¿Ã‚ ½footprint ¿Ã‚ ½, London promoted public transport, offering one day travel pass to everyone who bought a ticket for the games and also tried to instigate people to go to the Olympics cycling or walking with the aid of the  ¿Ã‚ ½Active Travel programme ¿Ã‚ ½ as it was written in The Independent newspaper: The environment impact was significant, even though all the measures were taken to host completely sustainable games. Thereby, the initial target of the planning committee of London Olympics was to use only renewable energy to minimise the carbon emissions. Even if the original purpose was to stage the most sustainable games, they were not entirely sustainable, though the 2012 Olympics had certainly a considerable less impact against the environment than any other Olympic Games in the history. The wind tunnels were also an important plan of the committee, helping to supply approximately 20% of the energy demanded for the games, but eventually this measure was not taken. The results of the target were harsh criticised by Darren Johnson, one of the members of London Assembly Green Party who stated in the BBC news: Even if in great measure the Olympics affected London ¿Ã‚ ½s environment, they had positive effects too, causing important changes in the environment. The most significant positive change that happened was the waterways dredging. They invested in a multi-million pound programme for dredging the waterways around the Olympic Park, which helped to develop the wildlife, but also improved the water quality. The dredging programme helped to remove tonnes of garbage, as the study  ¿Ã‚ ½From Brown to Green  ¿Ã‚ ½ of the Olympic Delivery Authority concluded Moreover, another well known project, which helped to improve the environment was  ¿Ã‚ ½Green Clean-up ¿Ã‚ ½, which cleaned a huge area around the Olympic Park. Hundreds of thousands of soil were purified by  ¿Ã‚ ½The soil Hospital ¿Ã‚ ½ cleaning it from contaminants and transforming it into material which could be re-used. Economy has likewise suffered many changes, 2012 Olympics and Paralympics having a huge impact upon London ¿Ã‚ ½s economy. One of the most important impact that the games had on London economy was creating new jobs. It was announced by the government that per total, approximately 30.000 new jobs will be created from 2009 to 2012. An essential change that helped boosting the economy was building the new shopping Center, Westfield Stratford City next to Olympic Park. By opening a new shopping centre in such a poor area like Stratford provided thousands of new jobs, but also transformed one of the poorest areas into a main attraction zone for tourists as Mr. Johnson declared for BBC news: Even if there were plenty of positive changes upon London ¿Ã‚ ½s 2012 economy, negative aspects were visible too. Furthermore, another impact of the games was the regeneration of Stratford area and the surroundings. The London Development Agency ¿Ã‚ ½s target besides regenerating was to develop this zone for 30 years after the Olympics. Moreover, thousands of new affordable houses were built around the Olympic Park as it is stated in a report made by British Library Although there were plenty of positive changes upon London ¿Ã‚ ½s 2012 economy, negative aspects were visible too. One of the negative impacts is that the economy grew only by 1% when everyone expected it to grow much more than it did. The hospitality industry presumed this summer will be the most prosperous because of the mega event, but in fact, it was proved to be an unpleasant surprise and most of the hotels were empty as one hotelier declared for Daily Mail newspaper: Also, The British Museum has reported a considerable decrease in the number of visitors, in comparison with the past years, London being described as a  ¿Ã‚ ½ghost town ¿Ã‚ ½ this time of the year. Besides hospitality industry, which has not gained as much as it was expected to, also the taxi business suffered a great loss because the demand for cabs decreased by about 20-40% as the general secretary of the Licensed Taxi Drivers, Steve McNamara Association declared in The Independent newspaper. London ¿Ã‚ ½s 2012 Olympics and Paralympics had likewise a huge impact upon London ¿Ã‚ ½s social life. The decision of hosting the 2012 Olympics had mostly positive effects upon London. First of all, hosting the games stimulated people to discover more of London ¿Ã‚ ½s national treasures such as museums, monuments and inform tourists about the unique places that London has to offer. Moreover, another social change that took place was encouraging people to take part in more cultural programmes and activities and inform the international audience about the culture of Great Britain as it was stated in Meta-Evaluation of the Impacts and Legacy of the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games report. Also, another positive aspect of staging the Olympics is referring to social actions and volunteering. Analyses showed an increase in the volunteering and community activities, people being encouraged to participate in volunteering programmes co-operating to help developing the society, focusing on the preparations for the most waited event, London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics. Another positive change upon London ¿Ã‚ ½s social life would be that Olympics will enhance and support sports activities and will invest in facilities to encourage people take part in sports activities for a healthier life. One of the negative impacts against London ¿Ã‚ ½s social life was the fact that the city became very crowded because tourists from all over the world came to London this summer to attend the mega event. Furthermore, another negative aspect was that the quantity of litter increased taking into consideration that the number of tourists increased that much and nevertheless, hosting the games increased also the quantity of pollution. Another negative aspect would be the fact that many buildings such as schools and campuses were demolished to build instead of them the venues for the Olympic Games and people were forced to move from the Olympic Park area. In conclusion, 2012 Olympics and Paralympics had a significant impact on London ¿Ã‚ ½s tourism. Since 2005, London ¿Ã‚ ½s tourism experienced three phases. Firstly, after July 2005 when United Kingdom won the bid to host the Olympics in 2012, tourism in London increased, visitor coming to see the hosting city of the 2012 Olympic Games. Secondly, the most important phase, during the Olympics, when millions of tourists came to London to attend the most waited event for the United Kingdom, which boosted the industry of tourism in London. Besides amplifying the tourism industry, the Olympics had also a substantial effect upon the economy, the society and the environment. The statistics reported that after the Olympics the economy grew by 1% percent, but also the social and environmental impacts were notable because hosting the games led to regenerate and develop one of the poorest areas of London and transformed it into a main attraction zone for visitors. The last phase of the Olymp ics impact upon London ¿Ã‚ ½s tourism represents the period after hosting the games. Although the benefits of hosting the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics were not as significant as everyone thought, they had a huge impact upon London ¿Ã‚ ½s tourism, remaining known as  ¿Ã‚ ½the greenest games ¿Ã‚ ½ in history.